Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful tool to investigate properties of materials and electrode reactions. This Primer provides guide the use EIS comparison with other electrochemical techniques. The analysis data for reduction ferricyanide in KCl supporting electrolyte used demonstrate error structure measurements, measurement process models, sensitivity evolution properties. guidelines experimental design, discusses relevance accuracy contour plots wiring instrumentation selection, emphasizes importance Kramers–Kronig relations validation analysis. Applications battery performance, metal alloy corrosion, biosensors are highlighted. measurements depend on both mechanism under investigation extrinsic parameters, such as geometry. Experimental complications discussed, including influence non-stationary behaviour at low frequencies need reference electrodes. Finally, emerging trends interpretation approaches also described. an design measure how these analysed. range applications that require EIS, from measuring performance biosensors, Limitations method along optimizations